Populism from the Perspective of the Strategic Approach: A Case Study of Boyko Borisov’s Strategy After the Parliamentary Elections in Bulgaria on 4/04/2021

The article conducts a case study from the theoretical perspective of the strategic approach towards populism during the period of the political crisis in Bulgaria between April 16 and May 11, 2021. The text analyses how the leader of the political party GERB (‘Citizens for the European Development of Bulgaria’), Boyko Borisov, used a typically populist mobilising strategy, combined with a wide range of manipulative discourse techniques, to provoke and deepen the crisis. He aimed to prove that the parties which supported the protests in 2020 were consolidated only around the idea of displacing GERB, and were unable to unite around a common government formula. Borisov’s desire to come back to power is at the basis of his populist strategy, which tries to suggest that during his rule there was order and stability in the country, while only later came a period of chaos and crises. This strategy is accompanied by a clear outline of the ‘image of the enemy’ on three different levels. Firstly, several specific individuals are mentioned, who do not have a plan for action after the displacement of GERB. They are (supposedly) unable to rule the country, pushing it instead towards elections and towards provisional government appointed by Rumen Radev. Secondly, this personalisation turns into the prerequisite for building a collective image of the immorality of the elite. At the same time, this anti-elitism is combined with an opposition of ‘the people versus the elite’. Thirdly, the image of the enemy is seen as embodied in certain political parties.

Atanas Zhdrebev

Institute for Historical Studies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

Atanas Zhdrebev has a PhD in Political Science from Sofia University, ‘St. Kliment Ohridsky’. He is currently employed at the Institute for Historical Studies at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. He is the author of the books Populism, Crises and Instability (2024), Populism as a Factor for the Dysfunction of Political Institutions in Bulgaria (2001–2018) (2020), and The Collapse of the Political System in Bulgaria (2011). His latest monograph ‘Populist Strategies as a Driver of Domestic Political Crises (2021–2023)’ is currently under review.